Ka whakamahia e ngā kaipatu ahi te pahuka hanga kiriata wai (AFFF) hei āwhina i te tinei i ngā ahi uaua ki te tinei, inā koa ngā ahi e pā ana ki te hinu, ki ētahi atu wai mura rānei - e mōhiotia ana ko ngā ahi Akomanga B. Heoi, kāore ngā pahuka tinei ahi katoa e whakarōpūtia ana hei AFFF.

Kei roto i ētahi hanganga AFFF tētahi momo matū e mōhiotia ana kongā matū perfluoro (PFC)ā, kua ara ake ngā āwangawanga mō te pūmanawa ote poke o te wai whenuangā pūtake mai i te whakamahinga o ngā kaihoko AFFF kei roto ngā PFC.

I te marama o Mei 2000, ko teKamupene 3Mi kī kāore e hangaia he fluorsurfactants e hangai ana ki te PFOS (perfluorooctanesulphonate) mā te whakamahi i te tukanga whakapūkara hiko. I mua atu i tēnei, ko ngā PFC e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā pahuka tinei ahi ko te PFOS me ōna hua.

Ka tere te tinei a te AFFF i ngā ahi wahie, engari kei roto i a rātou te PFAS, arā, ko ngā matū per- me te polyfluoroalkyl. Ko ētahi o ngā parahanga PFAS i ahu mai i te whakamahinga o ngā pahuka tinei ahi. (Whakaahua/Joint Base San Antonio)

NGĀ TUHINGA E PĀ ANA

I te whakaaro ki te 'āhua hou' mō ngā taputapu ahi

Ko te awa paitini o te 'pahu ngaro' tata ki Detroit ko te PFAS - engari no hea mai?

Tērā pea ka pā he mōrearea nui ki te hauora me te taiao ki te pahuka ahi e whakamahia ana mō ngā whakangungu i Conn.

I ngā tau kua taha ake nei, kua neke atu te umanga pahuka tinei ahi i te PFOS me ōna hua nā te pēhanga ture. Nā aua kaihanga i whakawhanake, ā, i kawe mai ki te mākete ngā pahuka tinei ahi kāore e whakamahi i ngā matū fluoro, arā, kāore he fluorine.

E ai ki ngā kaihanga pahuka kore-hauora, he iti ake te pānga o ēnei pahuka ki te taiao, ā, e tutuki ana hoki i ngā whakaaetanga o te ao mō ngā whakaritenga tinei ahi me ngā tumanakohanga a te kaiwhakamahi. Ahakoa rā, kei te haere tonu ngā āwangawanga taiao mō ngā pahuka tinei ahi, ā, kei te haere tonu ngā rangahau mō tēnei kaupapa.

HE ĀWANGAWANGA MŌ TE WHAKAMAHINGA AFFF?

Ko ngā āwangawanga e pā ana ki te pānga kino pea ki te taiao mai i te tukunga o ngā wairewa pahuka (te whakakotahitanga o te wai me te pahuka kukū). Ko ngā take matua ko te paitini, te pirau koiora, te pumau, te ngāwari ki te rongoā i roto i ngā whare maimoatanga waipara me te nui o ngā matūkai o te oneone. He take āwangawanga ēnei katoa ina tae atu ngā wairewa pahuka ki te taumata teitei.ngā pūnaha wai taiao, ngā pūnaha wai kāinga rānei.

Ina whakamahia ngā AFFF kei roto te PFC i te wāhi kotahi mō te wā roa, ka taea e ngā PFC te neke mai i te pahuka ki te oneone, kātahi ki te wai whenua. Ko te nui o ngā PFC e uru ana ki te wai whenua, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te momo me te nui o te AFFF i whakamahia, te wāhi i whakamahia ai, te momo oneone me ētahi atu āhuatanga.

Mena kei te tata ngā puna tūmataiti, tūmatanui rānei, tera pea ka pāngia rātou e ngā PFC mai i te wāhi i whakamahia ai te AFFF. Anei tētahi tirohanga ki ngā mea i whakaputaina e te Tari Hauora o Minnesota; ko tētahi o ngā kawanatanga mahawhakamātautau mō te poke.

"I te tau 2008-2011, i whakamātauhia e te Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) te oneone, te wai mata, te wai whenua, me ngā paru i ngā wāhi AFFF 13 huri noa i te kawanatanga, me te taha tata. I kitea e rātou he taumata teitei o ngā PFC i ētahi o ngā wāhi, engari i te nuinga o te wā, kāore te poke i pā ki tētahi wāhi nui, kāore hoki i tūpono ki te tangata, ki te taiao rānei. E toru ngā wāhi i tautuhia — ko te Duluth Air National Guard Base, ko te Bemidji Airport, me te Western Area Fire Training Academy — kua horapa whānuitia, ā, i whakatau te Minnesota Department of Health me te MPCA ki te whakamātau i ngā puna noho tata."

"He nui ake te tūponotanga ka puta tēnei i ngā wāhi kua whakamahia pinepinetia te AFFF kei roto te PFC, pērā i ngā wāhi whakangungu ahi, ngā taunga rererangi, ngā whare hanga hinu, me ngā tipu matū. He iti ake te tūponotanga ka puta mai i te whakamahinga kotahi o te AFFF hei tinei i te ahi, ki te kore e whakamahia he nui o te AFFF. Ahakoa ka whakamahia pea e ētahi tinei ahi kawe te AFFF kei roto te PFC, ko te whakamahinga kotahi o taua nui iti, kāore pea e tūpono ki te tūpono ki te wai whenua."

NGĀ TUKUNGA PAHU

Ko te putanga mai o te pahuka/wai wai ka puta pea i tētahi, i ētahi rānei o ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

• Ngā mahi tinei ahi ā-ringa, ngā mahi hipoki wahie rānei;
• Ngā mahi whakangungu e whakamahia ana te pahuka i roto i ngā horopaki;
• Ngā whakamātautau pūnaha taputapu pahuka me ngā waka; rānei
• Ngā tukunga pūnaha kua whakaritea.

Ko ngā wāhi e tino tūpono ai te puta o tētahi, neke atu rānei o ēnei huihuinga ko ngā whare rererangi me ngā whare whakangungu a ngā kaipatu ahi. Kei roto hoki i te rārangi ngā whare tūpono motuhake, pērā i ngā whare putunga rauemi mura/kino, ngā whare penapena wai mura nui me ngā whare penapena para kino.

He mea tino hiahiatia te kohikohi i ngā otinga pahuka i muri i te whakamahinga mō ngā mahi tinei ahi. Haunga te wāhanga pahuka tonu, tera pea kua poke te pahuka i te wahie, i ngā wahie rānei e uru ana ki te ahi. Kua puta he huihuinga rauemi morearea auau.

Me whakamahi ngā rautaki pupuri ā-ringa mō ngā maringi e pā ana ki tētahi wai morearea ina whakaaetia e ngā āhuatanga me ngā kaimahi. Kei roto i ēnei ko te aukati i ngā waikeri ua hei ārai i te mimiti o te pahuka/wai poke ki roto i te pūnaha wai para, ki te taiao rānei, me te kore e tirotirohia.

Me whakamahi ngā rautaki parepare pēnei i te tāpae i te parepare, te keri i te kemi me te tahuritanga kia tae te wai pahuka/wai ki tētahi wāhi e tika ana mō te pupuri kia taea rā anō te tango e te kaimahi horoi rauemi morearea.

TE WHAKANGUNGU KI TE FOAM

Kei te wātea mai i te nuinga o ngā kaihanga pahuka he pahuka whakangungu motuhake kua hangaia hei whakaata i te AFFF i te wā whakangungu ora, engari kāore i roto i ēnei he matū horoi-pūmua pērā i te PFC. Ko ēnei pahuka whakangungu he mea pirau noa iho, ā, he iti noa iho te pānga ki te taiao; ka taea hoki te tuku haumaru ki te tipu maimoatanga wai para o te rohe hei tukatuka.

Nā te korenga o ngā matū horoi-paraoa i roto i te pahuka whakangungu, he iti ake te ātete o aua pahuka ki te mura. Hei tauira, ka whakaratohia e te pahuka whakangungu he ārai kohu tuatahi i roto i te ahi wai mura, ā, ka tineia, engari ka tere te pakaru o taua paraikete pahuka.

He mea pai tēnā mai i te tirohanga a te kaiako, nā te mea ka taea e koe te whakahaere i ngā horopaki whakangungu maha atu, nā te mea kāore koutou ko ō ākonga e tatari kia rite anō te taputapu whakangungu ki te tahu.

Me whakauru ngā whakaritenga mō te kohikohinga o te pahuka kua pau i roto i ngā whakangungu, inā koa ko ērā e whakamahi ana i te pahuka kua oti te hanga, ki roto i ngā mahi whakangungu. I te iti rawa, me whai mana ngā whare whakangungu ahi ki te kohikohi i te otinga pahuka e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā horopaki whakangungu hei tukunga ki tētahi whare maimoatanga waipara.

I mua i taua tukunga waipara, me whakamōhio te whare maimoatanga waipara, me te tuku whakaaetanga ki te tari ahi kia tukuna te kaihopu i te tere kua whakaritea.

He pono ka haere tonu ngā whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha whakapūngao mō te pahuka Akomanga A (me te matū matū pea) pērā i te tekau tau kua hipa. Engari mō ngā kukū pahuka Akomanga B, te āhua nei kua whakaroahia ngā mahi whakawhanake matū matū matū i te wā tika me te whakawhirinaki ki ngā hangarau turanga o nāianei.

Mai i te whakaurunga o ngā ture taiao i roto i te tekau tau kua pahure ake nei, kua aro nui ngā kaihanga pahuka tinei ahi ki te wero whanaketanga. Ko ētahi o ēnei hua kore-hauora he reanga tuatahi, ko ētahi he reanga tuarua, tuatoru rānei.

Ka haere tonu te whanaketanga o ēnei matū i roto i te matū o ngā kaihopu me te mahi tinei ahi, me te whāinga kia eke ki te mahi teitei i runga i ngā wai mura me ngā wai mura, kia pai ake te ātete ki te mura mō te haumaru o ngā kaipatu ahi, ā, kia maha atu ngā tau e ora ai ngā kaihopu ahi i runga i ngā pahuka i ahu mai i te pūmua.